How work visas work, country by country

For university graduates with a job offer above the salary threshold. A lower threshold applies to IT and shortage roles. Work experience can replace a degree for IT specialists.

Usually 1–3 months

The employer must be a recognised sponsor with the IND. Processing is fast and a 30% tax ruling may apply.

Often 2–4 weeks

For experts with a higher salary. The fast track applies to specialists, growth company employees and their families.

Fast track around 2 weeks

Startups and tech companies can hire with simplified rules. Many employers help with paperwork and relocation.

Usually a few weeks

The employer needs a sponsor licence and must issue a Certificate of Sponsorship. Salary and skill thresholds apply.

Usually 3–8 weeks

Employers certified with the Migration Agency get faster processing. The job must meet union-level pay and insurance terms.

Varies; certified employers are faster

For qualified employees with a job offer above the salary threshold, including the EU Blue Card route. Valid up to 4 years and family members can join.

Usually 1–2 months

Fast-track permit for qualified professionals hired by larger or strategic companies. Applied for by the employer, family can be included.

Often around 20 working days

A points-based permit for skilled workers in shortage occupations and highly qualified people. The EU Blue Card is also available.

Usually around 8 weeks

For in-demand roles such as many IT jobs, above the salary threshold. Family members can join and later apply for residence.

Usually a few weeks